Seizure meds(Advanced pharmacology) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seizure meds(Advanced pharmacology) - Assignment Example Carbamazepine is absorbed into the small intestines after oral administration rapidly and reliably. Both agents have dose-limited absorption. Referring to the pharmacodynamics, Gabapentin has analgesic properties that are considered therapeutic. Carbamazepine decreases the conductivity of Na+ also inhibits the ectopic discharges and thus alleviates pain. In terms of metabolism, in humans the two drugs undergo metabolism corresponding to N-Methyl metabol though minimally. The drugs do not have interactions with other drugs as they undergo minimal metabolism (Bennet & Simpsons, 2004). Comparison studies for efficacy have been carried out and research conducted shows that Gabapentin is more suited for use as it has clearly shown analgesic effects. This is based on studies conducted and its effects exhibited. The two drugs are used to manage neuropathic pain as the effects of neuropathic pain on the nervous system present same similarities with the pathophysiological phenomena that are observed in convulsing diseases such as epilepsy and therefore anticonvulsant medication is administered in the management of neuropathic pain (Bennet & Simpsons,

Extreme poverty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Extreme poverty - Coursework Example asic security leads to chronic poverty when it simultaneously affects several aspects of people’s lives, when it is prolonged and when it severely compromises people’s chances of regaining their rights and of reassuming their responsibilities in the foreseeable future.† In 2005, the World Bank also defined extreme poverty as living on less than or as having to survive on US$ 1.25 per day. But at present, the amount was adjusted to US$ 1.50 due to account inflation. This meant meeting all the basic necessities in life with the equivalent of that amount a day in order to survive. The $1.50 a day is all they have to spend on all their living costs. Therefore, their prime concern is their day-to-day survival. The tendency was they set aside their other needs such as education which can be an important remedy to pull themselves out of poverty. People living in extreme poverty are more vulnerable to malnutrition and hunger, inadequate access to basic services such as health, sanitation, education, etc, and are more likely to acquire different diseases because of weak immune system depressed by malnutrition. Pro-poor Growth (labor-intensive employment and income creation, public/private sector provision of basic services, poor area public investment. regional and sub regional cooperation, environmental sustainability) Henderson, C. (2002) Notes on Poverty in the Philippines, 2002 Edition. Article available at http://www.apmforum.com/columns/orientseas49.htmpasingit, rush, kahit ano na lang matapos mo, 1 page lang: History and Political

Research on Perceptions of Cervical Cancer and Screening

Research on Perceptions of Cervical Cancer and Screening RESULT A total of 578 participants out of 584 were included in the study giving response rate of 98.97%. The participants age were between the range of 17 and 38 years with mean age (Â ± SD) of 20.45 Â ±1.79 and the highest number between 20 and 24 years. More than half (61.8%) of the participants come from rural area and more than three quarter were single by marital status. Almost all (90.5%) participants were orthodox by religion. Regarding to the field of study 36% were from Business and Economics College and 39.4% from Natural and Computational Science. Nearly half (46%) were from first year students. The main sources of information used by the participants were internet in 36.5% and radio and TV in 21.9%. Reproductive History Among the participants, 84(14.5%) had sexual intercourse before the study with the mean age of the first sexual debut 18.21Â ±2.8 years. Of the participants who have started sexual intercourse, 77(91.7%) had one partner and 61.9% did not used condom during their sexual intercourse. Among the sexually active participants 15(17.9%) had history of pregnancy. Moreover, 453(81.2%) of the participants had heard about STIs and 28(5%) had history of STI. Eight (1.4%) of participants had family death from cancer. Knowledge about Cervical cancer Two hundred thirty two (40.5%) of the study participants had heard of cervical cancer. Of those who had heard, 134(58%) had heard from mass media followed by 44(19.0%) from health institutions. About 448(79.4%), 348 (61.5%) and 379(67.1%) of the participants did not knew the etiology, mode of transmission and the symptoms of cervical cancer respectively but only 66(11.7%) and 163(28.8%) of the participants knew as cervical cancer is caused by HPV and transmitted by sexual intercourse respectively. Similarly, only 172(30.4%) and 74(13.1%) of the participants knew multiple partners and early sexual debut as risk factor of cervical cancer respectively. Furthermore, 215(38.1%), 117(20.7%) and 110(19.5%) of the participants knew screening, vaccination and avoiding having many partners as prevention methods of cervical cancer. However, 213(37.7%) and 89(16%) of the participants did not knew any risk factors and prevention methods of cervical cancer respectively. Generally, 195(35.6%) of th e participants had good knowledge towards cervical cancer. Factors associated with knowledge of cervical cancer All sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive history and sources of information were assessed for the presence of association with knowledge of cervical cancer. Age, College, marital status, year of study, use of TV, use of radio and TV, starting sexual intercourse, information on STI and history of STI were shown an association in bivariate analysis. But after adjusting for confounding at multivariable analysis, using radio and TV as a source of information and information on STI were the predictor factors that remained significantly associated with knowledge of cervical cancer. Participants who were using radio and TV as source of information were almost 2 times more likely to have good knowledge on cervical cancer as compare to those who did not use radio and TV[AOR 1.914(95% CI 1.220, 3.002)]. Moreover, participants who have heard about STI were also 3 times more likely to have good knowledge than their counter parts [AOR 3.017 (95% CI 1.658, 5.492)] (Table 3). Perception towards cervical cancer and screening Students perception about cervical cancer and its screening was assessed using the perception pillars of health belief model. Accordingly, 185 (33.2%) of the participants were believed that the chance of acquiring cervical cancer is high and 474 (85%) of the participants perceived as cervical cancer is a sever disease while 369 (65.2%) believed as cervical cancer is curable disease. despite three quarter (74.5%) of the participants believed that cervical screening can prevent cervical cancer only 5(0.9%) were screened for cervical cancer. The main reasons cited for not screening were lack of information in 276(55.6%) and fear not to be infected in 96(19.4%) respectively.

Essay --

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter introduces the definition and importance of customer attitude toward health advertisement and followed by how determinants of health advertisement affect the customer attitude toward advertisement. This chapter also discusses the theoretical framework for the four independent variables such as credibility, informative, pleasure and good for economy that influences the customer attitude toward health advertisement. 2.1 Health Advertisement According to the American Marketing association stated that â€Å"advertising refer to any paid from of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and service by an identified sponsor†. The advertisement is directed toward increasing the sales of the business. The one of the trait of the advertising is for communication, information and persuasion. Advertisement is non-personal communication that use mass media. Buyer can get information from the advertisement about the particular product that they want to buy. Advertisement create favorable attitude of the customer that lead to the favorable actions. Dofman, Woodruff and Wallack (1993) stated that public service advertisement used for selling good health behaviors. Personal behavior will determine their own health status. They believe that health promotion advertising has been used to benefit the advertisers and industry. The mass media provide the solution of health problem. The public health professionals need to take the risk to use the advertising to change the attention from the personal to social. Health advertisement helps the company to sell their health product such as product that can lose weight, increase antibody, and multivitamin product. The health –rela... ...ponse produce the behavior. The behavior was created by three factors which is pleasure, arousal and dominance. Pleasure refers to a person feel happy in a certain situation. Arousal means that feeling that vary from person to person in different situation such as bored and excitement. While dominance refer to the individual feeling which are control in particular situation. When the consumer watches an advertisement thus develop the feeling of like the product then the willingness to buy it. The advertisement was consider as successful advertisement when the consumer has the ability to recall the brand in the advertisement. A firm can have the competitive advantage if the consumer can recall their brand through the advertisement. The positive attitude of a consumer can easily recall the advertisement than those who has negative attitude toward the advertisement. Essay -- CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter introduces the definition and importance of customer attitude toward health advertisement and followed by how determinants of health advertisement affect the customer attitude toward advertisement. This chapter also discusses the theoretical framework for the four independent variables such as credibility, informative, pleasure and good for economy that influences the customer attitude toward health advertisement. 2.1 Health Advertisement According to the American Marketing association stated that â€Å"advertising refer to any paid from of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and service by an identified sponsor†. The advertisement is directed toward increasing the sales of the business. The one of the trait of the advertising is for communication, information and persuasion. Advertisement is non-personal communication that use mass media. Buyer can get information from the advertisement about the particular product that they want to buy. Advertisement create favorable attitude of the customer that lead to the favorable actions. Dofman, Woodruff and Wallack (1993) stated that public service advertisement used for selling good health behaviors. Personal behavior will determine their own health status. They believe that health promotion advertising has been used to benefit the advertisers and industry. The mass media provide the solution of health problem. The public health professionals need to take the risk to use the advertising to change the attention from the personal to social. Health advertisement helps the company to sell their health product such as product that can lose weight, increase antibody, and multivitamin product. The health –rela... ...ponse produce the behavior. The behavior was created by three factors which is pleasure, arousal and dominance. Pleasure refers to a person feel happy in a certain situation. Arousal means that feeling that vary from person to person in different situation such as bored and excitement. While dominance refer to the individual feeling which are control in particular situation. When the consumer watches an advertisement thus develop the feeling of like the product then the willingness to buy it. The advertisement was consider as successful advertisement when the consumer has the ability to recall the brand in the advertisement. A firm can have the competitive advantage if the consumer can recall their brand through the advertisement. The positive attitude of a consumer can easily recall the advertisement than those who has negative attitude toward the advertisement.

Bug Inc Paper

Intellectual Property properly safeguards those who apply for patent registration. It is especially important in the industrial field, such as that where BUG Inc operates, because it protects the research and development investments of the company. There are many legal protections that BUG Inc can apply for to accomplish this. The protections on Intellectual Property can fall under the ambit of Copyright, Trademark and Patents. Trademark is a very visible and wide issue because of the fact that it is seen in everyday things.Given the globalization of the world economy, it is now currently the most violated aspect of Intellectual Property Law at present. Under this legal protection, the owner of the trademark has a right to prevent any person from committing trademark infringement or any act that is not in good faith with regard to the use of the company logo. Trademark covers a very wide scope since it can be used for nearly any creation or icon that is protected by the trademark lic ense. It covers all signs and insignias that are directly connected to or related to the company that registered the trademark.As such, any company or firm cannot use such trademark without prior consent of the company which owns the trademark. In relation to the logo of BUG Inc, the corporation may file for trademark protection. Under this legal protection, the owner of the trademark has a right to prevent any person from committing trademark infringement or any act that is not in good faith with regard to the use of the company logo. Another legal protection that Bug Inc can apply for is a patent which is designed to protect the electronic recording devices that the company makes. The first subject matter to be discussed is that of Patent.There are basically three (3) types of patents that an individual can apply for. The first type is called the Utility Patent. This type of patent is given to any person who is able to invent or discover any novel and useful process, machine, and manufactured article or matter composition. It also includes any new and useful improvement of such. The second type of patent is the design patent. This patent is given to anyone who is able to create an original and novel ornamental design for any manufactured article. The third type of patent is the plant patent, which is given to anyone who invents or discovers any distinct new variety of plant.In this case, as long as the invention involves a new inventive step that has an industrial application it may be registered and issued a patent that gives the owner the exclusive right to utilize the object. 2. ) Given the facts of the case, it must be stated that there is a clear conflict under international laws in case Steve is found guilty. Under the principle of international laws, the imposition of criminal charges is not territorial except if such is a crime against humanity or has been recognized by international tribunals as among the list of crimes that are crimes regardless of location.For the case at hand, if Canada or Steve’s mother country does not recognize his act as a crime the United States will have a hard time prosecuting and charging him because he is of a different citizenship. The civil liabilities involved in industrial or corporate espionage depend on the laws of the particular state. One law, however, that is applicable in all states would be the civil liability that is derived from the United States Constitution.It has been recognized by a number of Supreme Court decisions that the right to privacy can be invoked by a corporation to a certain extent. This means that the act of Steve in transmitting the communications between the officers and employees is a violation of this right and he is thus civilly liable for damages. Steve may also be found in violation of the pertinent copyright and patent laws depending on the content of the information sent. If the correspondence contained sensitive insider information with regard to any in vention, then Steve would be in violation of the patent law.If on the other hand, there was no sensitive information, the act of hacking into the computer system is also an act that is criminally punishable. In addition to the criminal liability, there is a corresponding civil liability for damages as well. WIRETAP can only be held liable if it is sufficiently shown that it had a hand in the actions of Steve; a corporation having a juridical personality distinct from that of its employees, it can be held liable along with Steve if it is shown that it was involved in the aforementioned acts.

How Economic Development In A Country Affects Planning And Management In Urban Areas

With reference to examples, discuss the degree to which the level od economic development in country affects planning and management in urban areas. The type of urban problems that require careful planning and management are largely decided by the economic wealth of a countryside. LEDC countries have problems with rapid urbanisation into the cities. However, on the other hand the problems that MEDC countries face include; suburbanisation, counter urbanisation. Urbanisation is the process in which people move to the city and start to make a home there.This is mainly happening in LEDC countries due to the lack of work in the countryside. People flood to the cities to try and find employment. Suburbanisation is the way that people move out from the central business district and out into the rural urban fringe, this mainly occurred in MEDC countries after industrialization; people had got more spare money and transport allowed them to move away from the centre of the city to the large ho uses in the suburbs. Finally, counter urbanisation is the move that people make completely away from the city and into the rural landscape.Happening primarily in the richer countries where people aspire to be away from the stress of the city when they are not working and move into the countryside. Each of these processes have their own problems that require the careful management mentioned above. Urbanisation can cause a lot of problems. When there are such a large number of people moving into the city there are not enough houses to accommodate them all. In many cases the pull factor towards the city is the prospect of work and this is not always possible.The situation that then occurs it that you have a lot of people moved to the city without any work or housing; so, they simply build their own cheap homes on the side of the main city called a slum. These slums can prevent easy excess in and out of the city; but, not only this because way that the houses are built there are no prop er facilities for the people in the slum. Disease is often a consequence of poor sanitation and crime can pervade in these areas because of the high unemployment and lack of money. It is for the benefit for everyone that  these slums are redeveloped into proper housing and sanitation.A example of how urban area need to be managed. Rocinha is the largest favela in Brazil, and is located in Rio de Janeiro's South Zone between the districts of Sao Conrado and Gavea. Rocinha is built on a steep hillside overlooking Rio de Janeiro, and is located about one kilometre from a nearby beach. Most of the favela is on a very steep hill, with many trees surrounding it. 69,161 people live in Rocinha. The authorities in Rio de Janeiro have taken a number of steps to reduce problems in favelas.They have set up self-help schemes; this is when the local authority provide local residents with the materials needs to construct permanent accommodation. This includes breeze blocks and cement. The Local residents provide the labour. The money saved can be spent on providing basic amenities such as electricity and water. Today, almost all the houses in Rocinha are made from concrete and brick. Some buildings are three and four stories tall and almost all houses have basic sanitation, plumbing, and electricity. Compared to simple shanty towns or slums, Rocinha has a better developed infrastructure.The favela also has a cable car to promote easy movement around the favela and into the main city. This was a government lead initiative. This is not the only one way that slums can be redeveloped. Government lead slum clearance is where land is bought under the residents and redeveloped into better accommodation. The other option is for the people of the slum redeveloping their own house individually making the whole area look better. The decision for which of these management options is the best is something that is decided at government level.Slums that are in a extremely bad situation a re likely to be tackled with slum clearance as it is the quickest method. Conversely, in MEDC countries slums are not such a problem because urbanisation happened many years ago after industrialisation and the country has moved on economically. The problem here is suburbanisation. The people who can move away from the central business district because it is loud and polluted but it left the unfortunate people who could not afford to move out in the CBD. This can lead to a state of urban decline.If there is a high percentage of council owned buildings the resident feel like they do not need to look after the environment because it is not their problem, graffiti and littering is a result of not caring. The situation from here can just get worse and worse and crime rates goes up and empty buildings are left unused. This process is not something that just occurs with the residents of an area, if all the people move out to the suburbs of a district the shops and facilities will either go out of business or the will soon follow into the suburbs.This does not help the process of urban decline as it means that more local people are made unemployed. A good example of where this has happened is the development of Mary hill shopping park in the west Midlands. Mary Hill has had to face the complaints of the businesses in the local centres of Solihull and Birmingham. Business have had to drive down prices to be competitive with the shopping centre with is not good for the economics of the area. Management of urban decline can be tackled in three ways. Property lead redevelopment, partnership schemes and gentrification.Property lead redevelopment is when the government decide to redevelop a area a invest large amount of money are on a large scale. A good example of where this has helped to bring a urban area out of decline is in Cardiff. Cardiff bay was a declining area when the loss of industry in the 1970s left a lot of people in unemployment and poverty. 3000 new homes w ere created, 1200 new jobs were created along with a new glass factory and water front. The area now has 2. 1 million visitors a year. Partnership schemes help the community rebuild a declining area such as in Hulme in Manchester.City challenge and the local people worked together to redevelop the area. The government provided ?37. 5 million for this to happen. For some people being on the edge of the city is still too much stress and decide to move completely away to the rural villages that surround big cities. This process of counter urbanisation can cause problems of their own. Rural villages are in danger of becoming places that people go to sleep. People still work in the cities and commute from their rural location every day. The local shops are no longer used because the supermarkets on the way out of the city from are not only more convenient but cheaper.The community feeling if the village is lost and the reason that people thought they were moving to the countryside for is no longer valid. Again this forces the closer of shops and local facilities. These places can also fall into a state of decline To conclude. Economic development and urban management and planning are directly linked. On the surface it seems like MEDC counties have more problems to deal with (sub urbanisation and counter urbanisation) whereas LEDC countries only have the problem of urbanisation.However, I believe that urbanisation is greater problem that requires more careful management than other problems may require. Furthermore, the level of economic development within a country may effects the ability of the country to manage these urban issues; the planning a management strategies adopted in a country will be affected by this. In poorer countries emphasis may be placed on self-help schemes or partnerships scheme that require less money from the government. On the other hand, richer governments may choose to head redevelopment projects themselves